Rotor Earth Fault Protection

SUDHIR KUMAR SRIVASTAV

Additional General Manager-RAPDRP

NTPC LIMITED, NEW DELHI

sudhirksri1@gmail.com

Rotor Earth Fault Protection

Rotor winding of a Generator is completely isolated from earth. So earth fault of rotor winding at single point is not at all dangerous. As the rotor winding of a Generator is completely isolated from earth, there will not be any return path for flow of fault current in case of single rotor earth fault and earth fault current will be zero.

But in case of second earth fault, there will be huge fault current depending on fault resistance. This is because return path for flow of fault current will be through first fault point.

Heavy fault current may burn the conductor, causing sever damage to rotor. If a large portion of winding is shorted, the field flux may be highly unbalanced causing flux concentration at one pole & flux dispensation at other pole. So the attractive forces, which is proportional to the square of the flux density, may be stronger at one pole & weaker at other pole. This unbalance force may cause high vibration and may damage the rotor. If the rotor is sufficiently displaced due to unbalance force and foul with stator, It may also damage stator,.

Rotor E/F protection is done through measurement of Insulation resistance between rotor winding & earth point.

Alarm may operate below 5.5 K insulation resistance between rotor winding & earth point & trip may operate below 2.2 K insulation resistance between rotor winding & earth point.

Case Study:

We have observed rotor earth fault alarm at times, but actually there was no earth fault in rotor. While investigations it was found that following are the reason for false alarm

1.    Mixing of AC voltage with DC voltage of protection system, causing mal-operation of protective relay.

2.    Detachment of carbon brush from rotor winding centre point (High resistance centre point earthing of rotor winding through carbon brush were used for rotor E/F protection system).

3.    Failure of DC protection voltage causing mal-operation of protective relay.

Online checks:

1.    Take two high resistance voltmeters. Connect one voltmeter between positive end of rotor winding to earth and second voltmeter between negative end of rotor winding to earth and hold for few minutes. Measure the voltage in both the meters. Initially there will be difference of reading in two meters, but after some time i.e. after stabilising, the readings will be same & equal to half of applied field voltage. This is the indication of healthy system. If there is any E/F, the voltage between two meters will be different even after stabilizing time.

2.    Check DC protection voltage for any mixing with AC voltage.

3.    Monitor healthiness of DC protection voltage.

4.    Check the carbon position of high resistance mid-point earthing.

Case Studies on Generator Earth Fault Protection

SUDHIR KUMAR SRIVASTAV

Additional General Manager-RAPDRP

NTPC LIMITED, NEW DELHI

sudhirksri1@gmail.com

Case studies on Generator Earth Fault Protection

Case Study-I:

·         While in operation, suddenly 200 MW unit trips on Generator Earth Fault protection.

·         On inspection it is found that both E/F protection i.e. Stator Main Earth fault protection & Stator Stand by earth fault protection got operated.

·         Disconnected the associated equipments & exhaustive testing done on Generator, GT, UAT & all associated equipment. No abnormality found.

·         Re-started the unit & syncronised with grid on full load.

·         After 08-10 hours of normal running, the unit again tripped on same protection.

·         As the unit was tripped in day time, we rushed to site & started preliminary checks. We found that one surge arrestor, connected with generator bus duct, was much hotter compared to other surge arrestors. While testing, it is found that the test report of surge arrestor was normal.

·         We presume that, due to aging effect the leakage current of surge arrestor should have been increased causing heating of arrestor & the leakage current further increased with increase of temperature through cascading effect on live condition. This may be the reason for E/F operation.

·         We replaced the surge arrestor & re-started the machine with full load. No tripping observed after words.

·         Finally we concluded that, at normal temperature & test voltage the surge arrestor would have working properly. But on rated voltage with passage of time there must be increase in leakage current resulting heat generation in surge arrestor which keeps on increasing of leakage current & heat causing malfunction of surge arrestor.

Case Study II:

·         While in operation, suddenly 200 MW unit trips on Generator Earth Fault protection.

·         On inspection it is found that both E/F protection i.e. Stator Main Earth fault protection & Stator Stand by earth fault protection got operated.

·         Disconnected the associated equipments & exhaustive testing done of Generator, GT, UAT & all associated equipment. No abnormality found.

·         Re-started the unit & syncronised with grid on full load.

·         After 10-12 days of normal running, the unit again tripped on same protection.

·         As it was rainy season, we suspect of some insulation puncture in generator bust duct.

·         We opened the generator bus duct & found that ample amount of water was present in the duct, so the gap between live bus & earth point (i.e. water level) was reduced. Also due to water inside bus duct the insulating property of the air inside the bus duct may have very poor.

·         So we presume that, any vibration or any disturbances may have caused insulation breakdown between live bust & earth point in the bus duct, resulting fault current tracking and operation of E/F protection relay.

·         We removed the water & re-started the machine with full load. No tripping observed after words.

Case Study-III:

·          While in operation, suddenly 200 MW unit trips on Generator Earth Fault protection.

·         On inspection it is found that only Stator Stand by earth fault protection got operated & Stator Main Earth fault protection was not operated.

·         To remove the possibility of malfunction of protection system, we first target to test the healthiness of stator E/F protection system.

·         We found Stator Main Earth fault protection system totally healthy.

·         While checking Stator Stand by earth fault protection system, we found that VT secondary (used for Stator Stand by earth fault protection system) of one phase got burnt. So open delta voltage of three VT were in the range of phase voltage, causing operation of Stator Stand by earth fault protection.

·         We replaced the burnt VT.

·         To take precaution we performed testing of Generator, GT, UAT & all associated equipment & no abnormality found.

·         Finally we re-started the machine with full load. No tripping observed after words.   

Stator Earth Fault Protection

SUDHIR KUMAR SRIVASTAV

Additional General Manager-RAPDRP

NTPC LIMITED, NEW DELHI

sudhirksri1@gmail.com

Stator Earth Fault Protection

Stator winding faults: These types of faults occur due to the insulation breakdown of the

stator coils. Different types of stator windings faults are:

a) Phase to earth fault

b) Phase to phase fault

c) Inter turn fault

Phase to earth fault are limited by Grounding Transformer connected to the neutral of stator winding. There are fewer chances for the occurrence of the phase to phase and inter turn faults. The insulation between the two phases is at least twice as thick as the insulation between one coil and the iron core, so phase to phase fault is less likely to occur. Inter turn fault occurs due the incoming current surges with steep wave front. High impedance reduces the fault current and thus it is very difficult for differential protection system, to detect the high impedance faults. So the differential protection does not work for the high impedance grounding.

To overcome this limitation, an Inverse Definite Minimum Time over voltage relay (64G1) is connected to the secondary side of neutral grounding transformer & another Inverse Definite Minimum Time over voltage relay (64G2) is connected across an open delta of generator PT secondary winding.

Stator Earth Fault Main Protection (64G1): The secondary winding of neutral grounding transformer is shorted through loading resistance(R).  Inverse Definite Minimum Time over voltage relay (64G1) is connected across loading resistance(R). The separate relay to the ground neutral provides the sensitive protection. But ground relay can also detect the fault beyond the generator, so the time co-ordination is necessary to overcome this difficulty.

For an earth fault in stator winding, the E/F current flows in primary winding of neutral grounding transformer. As a result, a voltage is developed across the loading resistance (R) which activate earth fault sensing relay (64G1).

When the earth fault occurs at terminal end of stator winding, full voltage is developed at neutral of stator winding & maximum voltage is developed across neutral grounding transformer, resulting faster operation of inverse definite minimum time over voltage relay. But when the fault is near neutral, very less voltage is developed at neutral of stator winding & very less voltage is developed across neutral grounding transformer, resulting slower operation of inverse definite minimum time over voltage relay.  If the fault occur very near to the neutral i.e. less than 5% of stator winding, there is chance that relay may not operate.

So with this protection system only 95% of the stator winding is protected and 5% of the stator winding starting from neutral point remains unprotected because a fault in this portion will generate too low voltage for relay operation.

Stator Earth Fault Standby Protection (64G2): The Inverse Definite Minimum Time over voltage relay (64G2) is connected across an open delta of the generator VT secondary winding. When there is no E/F, the phasor sum of voltages of all three phase generator VT secondary will be zero, resulting non-operation of relay.

When there is E/F in one phase, the voltage of that phase will be less resulting unbalance phasor sum of voltages of all three phase generator VT secondary and a voltage will appear at relay, causing operation of relay & tripping the system.

Neutral third harmonic under voltage: There is the third harmonic present between the neutral and the ground , and protection schemes takes advantages of this and respond to the under voltage between the neutral and the ground.

100% protection scheme: This scheme provides complete protection of the stator winding by injecting the signal between the stator winding and monitors it for change. 95% scheme and third harmonics protection scheme provide protection only at rated speed and rated voltage but the 100% scheme also provide protection at standstill.

Overview of 100% Stator Ground Fault Protection

Third Harmonic Neutral Undervoltage Scheme. In the late 1970’s, a major European manufacturer introduced a third-harmonic neutral under voltage relay that in conjunction with the traditional 60Hz overvoltage protection, could provide stator ground fault protection over the entire stator winding. The third harmonic was measured across the generator neutral grounding resistor. The scheme’s basic concept is that when a generator stator ground fault occurs near the generator neutral, the third-harmonic voltage goes to zero. If the generator has enough third harmonic neutral voltage present during normal operation, such generators are candidates for 100% schemes using third-harmonic neutral detection.

Third-Harmonic Ratio Scheme. In the early 1980’s, a second third-harmonic scheme was developed by an American manufacturer. This scheme compared the third harmonic at the neutral and terminals of the generator. The major advantage of the scheme was that it was more secure than simply using third harmonic under voltage measured at the generator neutral. It required a broken-delta potential connection on the generator terminals to measure the terminal value of third-harmonic voltage. This required the installation of a VT-—the primary winding of which needed to be wye-grounded. Many generators, especially smaller units, required the addition of this VT since these generators used open delta-phase VT connections. This additional cost and wiring complexity reduced the number of people that used the scheme.  

****************

UAT, OH Line, GT & GT overall differential protection

SUDHIR KUMAR SRIVASTAV

Additional General Manager-RAPDRP

NTPC LIMITED, NEW DELHI

sudhirksri1@gmail.com

UAT Differential Protection

Unit Auxiliary Transformer (UAT) is directly connected with Stator winding of Generator, without any breaker in between. So it is necessary to connect the UAT protection with generator protection & any fault in UAT should trip the turbine along with Generator Circuit Breaker & Excitation system.

To protect UAT, a biased differential relay (87UAT) is connected between primary & secondary winding of UAT though respective CTs. During normal condition any current flowing in primary winding CT will flow out from secondary winding CT & there will not be any difference between CT currents. Also there polarity will be same, so differential current through relay 87UAT will be zero & relay will not operate.

A fault inside the protected zone i.e. Transformer is fed from either one side or both sides depending upon the current source present, thus producing a difference current in the differential circuit. If this differential current exceeds a set percentage (normally 10%) of the normal current flowing in the protected object, the relay pick up and initiate tripping of the turbine along with Generator Circuit Breaker & Excitation system.

Overhead Line Differential Protection

For power evacuation, there is overhead line between Generator Transformer & Switchyard without any breaker in between. So any fault in this over head line should trip the turbine along with Generator Circuit Breaker & Excitation system through generator protection system.

To protect this, an un-biased differential relay (87L) is connected between GT secondary & switchyard though respective CTs. During normal condition any current flowing in GT secondary CT will flow out from switchyard CT & there will not be any difference between CT currents. Also there polarity will be same, so differential current through relay 87L will be zero & relay will not operate.

A fault inside the protected zone i.e. overhead line is fed from either one side or both sides depending upon the current source present, thus producing a difference current in the differential circuit. If this differential current exceeds a set percentage (normally 10%) of the normal current flowing in the protected object, the relay pick up and initiate tripping of the turbine along with Generator Circuit Breaker & Excitation system.

GT Differential Protection

Generator Transformer (GT) is directly connected with Stator winding of Generator, without any breaker in between. So it is necessary to connect the GT protection with generator protection & any fault in GT should trip the turbine along with Generator Circuit Breaker & Excitation system.

To protect GT, a biased differential relay (87GT) is connected between primary & secondary winding of GT though respective CTs. During normal condition any current flowing in primary winding CT will flow out from secondary winding CT & there will not be any difference between CT currents. Also there polarity will be same, so differential current through relay 87GT will be zero & relay will not operate.

A fault inside the protected zone i.e. Transformer is fed from either one side or both sides depending upon the current source present, thus producing a difference current in the differential circuit. If this differential current exceeds a set percentage (normally 10%) of the normal current flowing in the protected object, the relay pick up and initiate tripping of the turbine along with Generator Circuit Breaker & Excitation system.

GT Overall Differential Protection

Since stator winding of Generator is directly connected with Generator Transformer (GT) & Unit Auxiliary Transformer (UAT) without any breaker in between, it is proper to have a protective circuit which protect combined unit of Generator stator winding, GT, UAT & overhead lines.

To protect the combined unit, a biased differential relay (87) is connected between CTs of neutral side of Generator, Secondary side (LV side) of UAT & CT at entry of switchyard. The connection of circuit is such that any current IN, through generator neutral CT should be balanced out through sum of outgoing current through UAT secondary CT & switchyard CT. During normal condition any current flowing in generator neutral CT will balance out with CT currents of UAT secondary & switchyard, so there will not be any difference between CT currents. Also there polarity will be same, so differential current through relay 87 will be zero & relay will not operate.

A fault inside the protected zone i.e. combined unit is fed from either one side or both sides depending upon the current source present, thus producing a difference current in the differential circuit. If this differential current exceeds a set percentage of the normal current flowing in the protected object, the relay pick up and initiate tripping of the turbine along with Generator Circuit Breaker & Excitation system.

Biased setting of 30% is used to prevent the relay operation in case of through fault when the CT may saturate and produce an erroneous secondary current.

Remarks: In some cases, GT restricted earth fault protection is also connected to protect the system from earth fault in HV winding of GT.\

Fault analysis with operation of above protection system

Case-1:

Only UAT differential & GT overall differential protection operated:

      i.        Maximum chance is that fault is in UAT.

    ii.        Check the healthiness of UAT differential & GT overall differential protection system.

   iii.        Test the connected CTs in UAT.

   iv.        Test the bushing & other insulating device connected with UAT.

    v.        If all above is found OK, we presume that fault is in UAT & then we should do regress test of UAT for fault finding. If found faulty, replace it with new one. If spare UAT is not available, disconnect it from Generator and charge other circuit for normal operation with second UAT & station transformer supply (available at every station for running of station auxiliaries).

Case-2:

UAT differential operated but GT overall differential protection not operated:

      i.        Either GT overall differential protection system is faulty or UAT differential protection system is faulty.

    ii.        Check the healthiness of UAT differential & GT overall differential protection system.

   iii.        If GT overall differential protection system is faulty, we should conduct test as described in case-1 point iii to v.

   iv.        If UAT differential protection system is proved to be faulty, we may presume that UAT is healthy. We should rectify the fault of protection system & charge the circuit for normal operation.

Case-3:

Only Overhead Line & GT overall differential protection operated:

      i.        Maximum chance is that fault is in overhead line.

    ii.        Check the healthiness of overhead line differential & GT overall differential protection system.

   iii.        Test the connected CTs in overhead line.

   iv.        Test the bushing & other insulating device connected with overhead line.

    v.        If all above is found OK, we presume that fault is in over head line. If found faulty, rectify the fault and charge other circuit for normal operation.

Case-4:

Overhead Line differential operated but GT overall differential protection not operated:

      i.        Either GT overall differential protection system is faulty or overhead line differential protection system is faulty.

    ii.        Check the healthiness of overhead line differential & GT overall differential protection system.

   iii.        If GT overall differential protection system is faulty, we should conduct test as described in case-1 point iii to v.

   iv.        If overhead line differential protection system is proved to be faulty, we may presume that overhead line is healthy. We should rectify the fault of protection system & charge the circuit for normal operation.

Case-5:

Only GT differential & GT overall differential protection operated:

      i.        Maximum chance is that fault is in Generator Transformer.

    ii.        Check the healthiness of GT differential & GT overall differential protection system.

   iii.        Test the connected CTs in GT.

   iv.        Test the bushing & other insulating device connected with GT.

    v.        If all above is found OK, we presume that fault is in GT & then we should do regress test of GT for fault finding. If found faulty, replace it with new one.

Case-6:

GT differential operated but GT overall differential protection not operated:

      i.        Either GT overall differential protection system is faulty or GT differential protection system is faulty.

    ii.        Check the healthiness of GT differential & GT overall differential protection system.

   iii.        If GT overall differential protection system is faulty, we should conduct test as described in case-1 point iii to v.

   iv.        If GT differential protection system is proved to be faulty, we may presume that GT is healthy. We should rectify the fault of protection system & charge the circuit for normal operation.

*******************

Generator Differential Protection

SUDHIR KUMAR SRIVASTAV

Additional General Manager-RAPDRP

NTPC LIMITED, NEW DELHI

sudhirksri1@gmail.com

Generator Differential Protection

An electrical fault between phases of Generator winding causes heavy flow of fault current inside the generator, resulting highly extensive damage to machine.  The damage may be in coil, in core or in both. Any damage to the core of generator is most severe condition.

To avoid above damage, we uses Generator Differential Protection, which act on differential current between Neutral & Phase current of Generator, as shown in diagram. If a fault occurs inside the stator winding between CT1 & CT2, a distinct difference will be there between the current at the neutral end & phase terminal ends of the particular winding. This difference is detected by Differential relay (87G).

The current entering and leaving the protected object are determined by CT and compared by relays by means of a circuit as shown in diagram.

During normal condition any current flowing in CT1 will flow out from CT2 & there will not be any difference between CT1 & CT2 currents. Also there polarity will be same, so differential current through relay 87 G will be zero & relay will not operate.

A fault inside the protected zone is fed from either one side or both sides depending upon the current source present, thus producing a difference current in the differential circuit. If this differential current exceeds a set percentage (normally 10%) of the normal current flowing in the protected object, the relay pick up and initiate tripping of the generator, thus protecting generator from severe damage. Balancing resistances are used to avoid mal-operation of relay during transient conditions.

Test Procedures:

1.      Relay Test: Remove the relay from cabinet. Test its accuracy of operation through secondary current injection test at 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% & 125% of rated current.

2.      CT test: Following tests to be conducted on CT:

Ø  CT polarity test: To check about proper connection.

Ø  CT ratio test: Through primary injection method & secondary current to measure at relay terminal.

Ø  CT saturation test

Ø  CT secondary circuit insulation resistance test.

Ø  CT secondary one end earth connection check.

3.      Online protection test: Short any two phase of Generator bus duct between CT1 & CT2 as shown in drawing. Roll the turbine, slightly increase the excitation till fault set current & let the relay operate. This test to be done in strict supervision of system expert, with proper care & monitoring, to avoid any damage to machine.

Generator Protection

SUDHIR KUMAR SRIVASTAV

Additional General Manager-RAPDRP

NTPC LIMITED, NEW DELHI

sudhirksri1@gmail.com

Generator & Generator Protection

Generator:

Generator is a devise which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

•         Mechanical energy is drawn by turbine.

•         Electrical energy is sent out to user through transmission & distribution system.

•         Generated voltage = 4.44 * flux * Frequency * No. of turns

Generator Components:

Stator: It is stationary part of Generator. It’s winding is connected to Power transformer to step up the voltage for transmission of generated power at high voltage. For a constant power output when voltage is increased, current is reduced (I=P/V), resulting less transmission losses (heat loss=I²R).

Rotor: It is coupled with turbine & rotates at turbine speed.

Excitation system: It is connected to rotor winding and generates rotating magnetic field at the speed of turbine. When this rotating magnetic field cuts stator winding, an E.M.F. is generated, resulting in output of electrical energy at a particular voltage.

Generated Voltage:

·         Normally, Generated voltage in power plant is 15 KV to 25 KV, depending on the capacity.

·         Limitation on high voltage generation is flux density & insulation thickness.

·         Generator is directly connected to GT (To step up the voltage for transmission) and to UAT (To step down the voltage for unit auxiliary power consumption).

·         Output power from Generator is stepped up to 400KV or 220 KV by Generator Transformer for transmitting the power to distribution utilities.

• Advantages of high voltage transmission:

o   Flow of current is less, resulting reduction in cu loss (Heat loss).

o   Less current requires less diameter of current carrying conductor, resulting less weight. Also supports (pole/towers) required for conductor will cost less.

• Unit Auxiliary Transformer (UAT) is directly connected to output of Generator & stepped down the voltage to 6.6 KV or 11 KV for running of unit auxiliary equipments.
• This 6.6 KV system is again stepped down to 0.4 KV for running of plant services equipments / lighting.

Generator Protection:

Task of protective system:

•         Detects abnormal condition or defect.

•         Alarm the operating staff.

•         Unload and/or trip the machine.

Requirement of Protective device:

•         Selectivity                                         

•         Safety against fault tripping

•         Reliability

•         Sensitivity

•         Tripping Time

Type of Generator Protection:

1.    Differential Protection:

•         Generator Differential

•         UAT Differential

•         Overhead Line Differential

•         GT differential

•         Overall Differential

2.    Stator Earth Fault Protection:

1. Stator Earth Fault
2. Stator Stand by Earth Fault

3.    Rotor Earth Fault protection

4.    Stator inter turn fault protection

5.    Negative phase sequence protection

6.    Generator back-up impedance protection

7.    Loss of excitation protection

8.    Pole slipping

9.    Over voltage protection

10. Over fluxing protection

11. Low Forward Power Protection

12. Reverse Power Protection

13. Generator LBB protection

14. GT Protection:

                      i.        Buchholz Protection

                    ii.        PRV Protection

                   iii.        WTI / OTI

15. UAT Protection

16. Bus Bar Protection